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Sheet Metal Test: Testing of Sheet Metal and Strips

Strip refers to steel and non-ferrous metal products that are rolled up into coils, e.g. hot-rolled strip, which is used as a pre-material for cold-rolled sheets.

Hot-rolled strip is produced up to a thickness of approx. 15 mm and in widths of up to approx. 2,200 mm. Hot-rolled plate is sheet cut out of hot-rolled strip and is up to approximately 15 mm thick and up to approximately 2000 mm wide.

Tensile tests Hardness tests Flexure tests Imipact tests Fatigue and fracture mechanics tests Deformation testsAutomation

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Tensile tests on sheet metal and strips

Tensile tests on sheet metal and strips are predominantly performed to the international standard ISO 6892-1 and the American standard ASTM E8. In addition, there are many national standards that have aligned more and more with the international standard ISO 6892-1 over the last few years. EN ISO 6892-1 applies to Europe and is identical in wording. All EU member states must adopt it as their national standard (for example, as DIN EN ISO 6892-1). The characteristic values defined in these standards and described in their determination methods are comparable in their end results. Important values for the characterization of materials are the yield point, the offset yield, die maximum strength as well as strain at maximum force, strain at maximum stress and strain at break. These characteristic values are used by engineers as the basis of their work and are important criteria for product acceptance in the customer-supplier relationship.

Tensile tests on sheet metal and strips under increased temperature

In applications such as engine design, power plant design, powertrains, and chemical plants, the material behavior under increased temperatures up to approx. 1,200 °C are of vital importance. Tensile tests are primarily performed for these applications under increased temperature, although flexure tests are as well. ZwickRoell offers high-temperature testing systems as complete solutions for these tests. These consist of temperature-controlled furnaces, specimen-grip pull-rods, high-temperature strain measurement device and other essential high-temperature testing accessories for integration into ZwickRoell testing machines.

Metals | Tensile test (ambient temperature)
ISO 6892-1
to Metals | Tensile test (ambient temperature)
Metals | Tensile test (ambient temperature)
ASTM E8
to Metals | Tensile test (ambient temperature)
Metals | Tensile test (elevated temperature)
ISO 6892-2
to Metals | Tensile test (elevated temperature)
Metals | Sheet metal | n-value
ISO 10275
to Metals | Sheet metal | n-value
Metals | Sheet metal | r-value
ISO 10113
to Metals | Sheet metal | r-value

Testing solutions for tensile tests on sheet metal and strips

ZwickRoell supplies a wide range of static materials testing machines for determining material properties through tensile tests; these systems provide high-precision testing under high loads. ZwickRoell has a comprehensive range of axial and transverse strain extensometers, which allow you to select the optimum combination in line with your requirements and testing conditions, for example, a makroXtens digital extensometer combined with an optical transverse strain extensometer. This combination offers robustness and a high level of automation, as well as easy specimen handling. The makroXtens measures extension up to the point of break. The mechanical version of the knife edge holders prevents the measuring system from being negatively influenced by a sudden tension release of the specimen at break. With the optional break location identification feature, the optical transverse strain extensometer measures the transverse strain up to break along the specimen, thus making classification of the break location as accurate as possible.

R- and n-values are often also determined in tensile tests in order to characterize forming properties; the n-value describes the work hardening—increase in stress—during plastic deformation up to uniform elongation, while the r-value describes the vertical anisotropy. The n-value is determined from the tensile stress data and strain values; for the r-value, the transverse strain on the tensile specimen is additionally measured. Tensile specimens are taken from the strip or sheet at set angles to the rolling direction. One factor affecting the r-value is the rolling direction. This can be particularly important when using the sheet to manufacture components through bulk metal forming. The sheet thickness is retained as specimen thickness in a tensile test so that the material does not undergo any changes during surface processing. The parallel length is produced by milling or punching together with finishing so that the material does not undergo any changes during this machining process.

A distinctive feature is the ability to perform a two-axis tensile test, or cruciform biaxial tensile test, which is used to determine additional deformation properties of the material. It is primarily employed in research and development, as it allows defined stress values to be set and investigated at the intersection point of the specimen. ZwickRoell offers three different models of cruciform testing machines. In most cases, strain is measured optically and without contact. For this, ZwickRoell offers various optical/non-contact extensometers.

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Products for tensile tests on sheet metal and strips

Hardness tests on sheet metal and strips

Hardness testing on sheet metal and strips is mainly performed to characterize the overall surface hardness of a specimen and for metallographic investigations. Depending on the application, hardness tests are performed to ISO 6506-1 (Brinell), ISO 6507-1 (Vickers), ISO 6508-1 (Rockwell) as well as ASTM E10 (Brinell), ASTM E384 (Vickers and Knoop) and ASTM E18 (Rockwell). In addition, other methods or specifications are used for certain application areas (for example, the European standard EN 2002-7 is used in the aerospace industry).

Hardness testing is also used for weld seam tests on sheet metal and strips if larger constructions are welded together from these. Striking examples of this is ship construction, offshore facilities, and pipeline construction for oil and gas transport.

The DIN EN ISO 9015 series of standards defines the test types. Typically, hardness tests are performed according to Vickers HV5 or HV10 (with test loads of 49 N or 98 N). Since during weld seam testing, hardness must be tested and monitored in the base material, in the heat-affected zone and in the weld metal itself, a large number of indentations must be made on the cross-sections and transverse sections of a weld seam. Automatic hardness testers are often used for this type of test, which use programmable sequences to automatically place indentations at predetermined positions and then also measure them automatically.

Metals | Hardness Brinell
ISO 6506, ASTM E10
to Metals | Hardness Brinell
Metals | Hardness Vickers
ISO 6507, ASTM E384
to Metals | Hardness Vickers
Metals | Hardness Vickers & Knoop
ASTM E92
to Metals | Hardness Vickers & Knoop
Metals | Hardness Rockwell
ISO 6508, ASTM E18
to Metals | Hardness Rockwell

Hardness tester for tests on sheet metal and strips

The ZwickRoell product portfolio offers hardness testers and instruments for every test method. Fully automated systems are specifically used for weld seam testing. These can perform hundreds of hardness tests without manual intervention by the operator, autonomously and efficiently. ZwickRoell hardness testing machines and instruments meet the requirements of all common international standards and can also be calibrated to international standards. As a calibration lab, ZwickRoell is accredited for the calibration of hardness testers by the German national accreditation body DAkkS.

Flexure tests on sheet metal and strips

The 3-point flexure test serves to not only determine the characteristics of the flexural properties but also visually evaluates the flexural edge. In particular, the behavior of the weld seams are visually examined during the flexure test. ZwickRoell’s range of flexure test kit options combined with adaptations to existing specimen holders provide an ideal solution.

Metals | Flexure test
ISO 7438, ASTM A370, ISO 8491
to Metals | Flexure test

Products for flexure tests

Impact test on sheet metal and strips

Metals | Notched specimen impact test Charpy
ISO 148-1
to Metals | Notched specimen impact test Charpy
Metals | Notched specimen impact test Charpy & Izod
ASTM E23
to Metals | Notched specimen impact test Charpy & Izod
High-Speed Tensile Test
to High-Speed Tensile Test
Metals | Drop weight test
DIN EN 10274, API 5L
to Metals | Drop weight test

Products for impact tests on sheet metal and strips

Fatigue/fracture mechanics tests on sheet metal and strips

Metals | Fracture mechanics critical stress intensity factor K1C
ASTM E399
to Metals | Fracture mechanics critical stress intensity factor K1C
Metals | Fracture mechanics crack growth da/dN
ASTM E647
to Metals | Fracture mechanics crack growth da/dN
Metals | Fatigue test (S-N curve test)
DIN 50100
to Metals | Fatigue test (S-N curve test)

Related products

Deformation tests on sheet metal and strips

Metals | Sheet metal | Cupping test to Erichsen & Olsen
ISO 20482, ASTM E643-84
Stretching capacity of a sheet metal
to Metals | Sheet metal | Cupping test to Erichsen & Olsen
Metals | Sheet metal | Cupping test, forming limit curve (FLC)
ISO 12004
Determination of the failure limit of a sheet metal
to Metals | Sheet metal | Cupping test, forming limit curve (FLC)
Metals | Sheet metal | Cupping test, bulge
ISO 16808
Hydraulic cupping test
to Metals | Sheet metal | Cupping test, bulge
Metals | Sheet metal | Cupping test, VW test
PV 1054
Testing the waviness of a sheet metal
to Metals | Sheet metal | Cupping test, VW test
Metals | Sheet metal | Earing test
ISO 11531, DIN EN 1669
Determination of the ear formation
to Metals | Sheet metal | Earing test
Metals | Sheet metal | Earing test, Fukui
JIS Z 2249
to Metals | Sheet metal | Earing test, Fukui
Metals | Sheet metal | Earing test, square cup test
to Metals | Sheet metal | Earing test, square cup test
Metals | Sheet metal | Earing test, limit drawing ratio (LDR)
Earing test
Swift deep drawing cup test
to Metals | Sheet metal | Earing test, limit drawing ratio (LDR)
Metals | Sheet metal | Earing test, limiting dome height (LDH)
Earing test
to Metals | Sheet metal | Earing test, limiting dome height (LDH)
Metals | Sheet metal | Earing test to Engelhardt
to Engelhardt
to Metals | Sheet metal | Earing test to Engelhardt
Metals | Sheet metal | Hole expansion test, edge crack sensitivity
ISO 16630
Hole expansion test with conical punch
to Metals | Sheet metal | Hole expansion test, edge crack sensitivity
Metals | Sheet metal | Hole expansion test KWI
Hole expansion test with flat drawing punch
to Metals | Sheet metal | Hole expansion test KWI

Products for deformation tests on sheet metal and strips

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